https://www.healpsychotherapy.ca/research/
https://neurofeedback-netzwerk.org/news/o8riusmf83tdrnblanfncdcd8qgpt7
ILF Neurofeedback Mechanisms and Neurophysiology
Nuno M.P. de Matos , Philipp Stampfli , Erich Seifritz , Mike Brügger , Disassembling
Infra-Low-Frequency Neurofeedback: A neurophysiological investigation of its
feedback
components, NeuroImage (2025), doi:
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121647
Dobrushina, O. R., Dobrynina, L.A., Arina, G.A., Kremneva, E., Novikova, E.S.,
Gubanova. M.V., Pechenkova, E.V., Suslina, A.D., Aristova, V.V., Trubitsyna, V.V. &
Krotenkova, M.V. (2022). Enhancing Brain Connectivity With Infra-Low Frequency
Neurofeedback During Aging: A Pilot Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:891547. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2022.891547
Fleischman, M. J. (2022). Documenting the Impact of Infra Low Frequency
Neurofeedback on Underserved Populations with Complex Clinical Presentations.
Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:921491. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.921491
Kropotov J.D. (2022). The enigma of infra-slow fluctuations in the human EEG. Front.
Hum. Neurosci. 16:928410. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.928410
Dobrushina, O., Vlasova, R.M., Rumshiskaya, A.D., Litvionova, L.D., Mershina, E.A.,
Sinitsyn, V.E. and Pechenkova, E.V. (2020). Modulation of Intrinsic Brain Connectivity
by Implicit Electroencephalographic Neurofeedback. Frontiers in Human
Neuroscience, 14: 192.
Grin-Yatsenko, V., Kara, O., Evdokimov, S., Gregory, M., Othmer, S. & Kropotov, J.
(2020). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback Modulates Infra-Slow Oscillations of
Brain Potentials: A Controlled Study. Journal of Biomedical Engineering and
Research, 4, 1-11.
Dobrushina, O., Pechenkova, E.V., Vlasova, R., Rumshiskaya, A.D., Litvinova, L.,
Mershina, E. and Sinitsyn, V. (2018). Exploring the brain contour of implicit infra-low
frequency EEG neurofeedback: a resting state fMRI study. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 131,
S76 (2018).
Grin-Yatsenko, V. A., Ponomarev, V. A., Kara, O., Wandernoth, B., Gregory, M., Ilyukhina,
Infra-Slow EEG Fluctuations. In Biofeedback. IntechOpen
Arina, G., Osina, E., Dobrushina, O. & Aziatskaya, G. (2017). Sham-neurofeedback as
an intervention: Placebo or nocebo? European Psychiatry, 41, 253-254.
Altan, S., Berberoglu, B., Canan, S. & Dane, S. (2016). Effects of neurofeedback
therapy in healthy young subjects. Clin invest Med 39, 27–30.
Dobrushina, O., Vlasova, R., Pechenkova, E.V., Rumshiskaya, A.D., Litvinova, L.,
Mershina, E.A. and Sinitsyn, V. (2015). The effect of Infra-Low Frequency
Neurofeedback on default mode network of the brain. Conference paper at Applied
Neuroscience and Social Well being, Moscow. (In Russian language).
Othmer S., Othmer S.F., Kaiser D. & Putman J. (2013). Endogenous Neuromodulation
at Infra-Low Frequencies. Seminars in Paediatric Neurology, 20(4), 246-257.
Legarda S., McMahon D., Othmer S. & Othmer SF. (2011). Clinical Neurofeedback:
Case Studies, Proposed Mechanism and Implication for Paediatric Neurology
Practice. Journal of Child Neurology, 26(8), 1045-1051.
Othmer S., Othmer SF. & Legarda S. (2011). Clinical Neurofeedback: Training Brain
Behavior. Pediatric Neurology and Psychiatry, 2, 67-73.
Grin-Yatsenko, V. A., Ponomarev, V. A. & Kropotov, J. D. The Changes of the Infra-Slow
EEG Fluctuations of the Brain Potentials under Influence of Infra-Low Frequency
Neurofeedback. J. Evol. Biochem. Physiol. 59, 831–840 (2023).
ILF Neurofeedback in latest clinical application
Addiction
Corominas-Roso, M., Ibern, I., Capdevila, M., Ramon, R., Roncero, C. &
Ramos-Quiroga, J.A. (2020). Benefits of EEG-Neurofeedback on the Modulation of
Impulsivity in a Sample of Cocaine and Heroin Long-Term Abstinent Inmates: A Pilot
Study. International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 64(12),
1275-1298.
ADHD
Ölçüoğlu, R., Kozanoğlu, I., Mıdık, M. & Ates, E. G. (2024). The Impact of
Neurofeedback Training on Cognitive Abilities Assessed by the Wechsler Intelligence
Scale for Children-Revised in Children with Attention Deficit: A Randomized
Single-Blind Sham-Controlled Study. Clin. EEG Neurosci. 55(6), 603-612.
doi:10.1177/15500594241279997
Wührer, G. & Kolbe, S. (2024). Klinisches ILF-Neurofeedback mit Kindern und
Jugendlichen. Gehirnfunktions-Training bei psychischen Störungsbildern – eine
Übersicht mit Anwendungsbeispielen. Forum für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie 4,
62–87. (In German language)
Ströhle, G. (2023). Infra-Low Frequency Training. In: Sidiropoulos, K. (eds).
EEG-Neurofeedback bei ADS und ADHS. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. doi:
10.1007/978-3-662-65726-3_17
Schneider, H., Riederle, J. & Seuss, S. (2021): Therapeutic Effect of Infra-Low
Frequency Neurofeedback Training on Children and Adolescents with ADHD. In:
Brain-Computer Interface, Vahid Asadpour ed., IntechOpen Limited, 2021:13, 75-92.
doi: 10.5772/intechopen.97938
Prinz, W. (2015): Neurofeedbacktherapie als Spezialtherapieangebot. Psychopraxis.
Neuropraxis 18, 180–183. (In German language)
Flatz, T. & Gleußner, M. (2014): Neurofeedbacktherapie bei ADHS und Autismus.
Pädiatrie & Pädologie 49, 22–27. (In German language)
Ahlstrand, P. & Grattbeck, M. (2013): Neurofeedback – ett behandlingsalternativ vid
ADHD. Specialised Thesis in Clinical Psychology/Neuropsychology. (In Swedish
language)
Aging & Dementia
Dobrushina, O. R., Dobrynina, L.A., Arina, G.A., Kremneva, E., Novikova, E.S.,
Gubanova. M.V., Pechenkova, E.V., Suslina, A.D., Aristova, V.V., Trubitsyna, V.V. and
Krotenkova, M.V. (2022). Enhancing Brain Connectivity With Infra-Low Frequency
Neurofeedback During Aging: A Pilot Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16, 1–12.
Legarda, S.B., Michas-Martin, P. A. & McDermott, D. (2022). Managing Intractable
Symptoms of Parkinson’s Disease: A Nonsurgical Approach Employing Infralow
Frequency Neuromodulation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:894781. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2022.894781
Anxiety disorder
Wührer, G., Kolbe, S., Bolduan, U., Icking, A., Schneider, H. (2025). Klinisches
ILF-Neurofeedback mit Kindern und Jugendlichen. Training bei psychischen
Störungsbildern – Studienlage, Anwendungsbeispiele und Kostenerstattung. Forum
für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie 1, 42–68. (In German language)
Autism (ASD)
Saleem, S. & Habib, S. H. (2024). Effect of Infra Low Frequency (ILF) neurofeedback
training on EEG in children with autism spectrum disorders. Pakistan J. Med. Sci.
40(7), 1397-1402.
Wührer, G. & Kolbe, S. (2024). Klinisches ILF-Neurofeedback mit Kindern und
Jugendlichen Gehirnfunktions-Training bei psychischen Störungsbildern – eine
Übersicht mit Anwendungsbeispielen. Forum für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie 4,
62–87. (In German language)
Esmaeilzadeh Kanafgourabi S. N., Shabani, M., Mirchi, Z., Aliyari, H. & Mahdavi, P.
(2023): The impact of ILF neurofeedback on inhibitory control in high-functioning
adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: Preliminary evidence of a randomized
controlled trial, Applied Neuropsychology: Child 14(2), 1-19. doi:
10.1080/21622965.2023.2258247
Saleem, S. & Habib, S. H. (2023). Neurofeedback Recuperates Cognitive Functions in
Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD). Journal of Autism and
Developmental Disorders 54(8), 1-11. doi: 10.1007/s10803-023-06037-7
Rauter, A., Schneider, H. & Prinz, W. (2022): Effectivity of ILF Neurofeedback on
Autism spectrum disorder – a Case Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16, 1-6.
Prinz, W. (2015): Neurofeedbacktherapie als Spezialtherapieangebot. psychopraxis.
neuropraxis 18, 180-183. (In German language)
Flatz, T. & Gleußner, M. (2014): Neurofeedbacktherapie bei ADHS und Autismus.
Pädiatrie & Pädologie 49, 22–27. (In German language)
Othmer S. & Othmer S.F. (2011): Neurofeedback for the Autism Spectrum. In K. Siri
and T. Lyons (Eds.), Cutting-Edge Therapies for Autism (262-267). Skyhorse
Publishing.
Brain Injury & Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
Carlson, J., Webster Ross, G, Tyrrell, C., Fiame, B., Nunokawa, C., Siriwardhana, C.,
Schaper, K. (2025). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback impact on post-concussive
symptoms of headache, insomnia and attention disorder: Results of a randomized
control trial. Explore 21, 103137. doi: 10.1016/j.explore.2025.103137
Annaheim C, Hug K, Stumm C, Messerli M, Simon Y and Hund-Georgiadis M (2022):
Neurofeedback in patients with frontal brain lesions: A randomized, controlled
double-blind trial. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:979723. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2022.979723
Carlson, J. & Ross, G. (2021): Neurofeedback Impact on Chronic Headache, Sleep
and Attention Disorders Experienced by Veterans with Mild Traumatic Brain Injury: A
Pilot Study. Biofeedback, 49(1), 2-9.
Chronic Illness
Borchert, N., Eliasson, H., Hamne, G., Hodgson, K., Lyche, T., Mayer-Pelinski, R.,
Praesto, F., Radu, G., Sandström, U. & Stapleton, P.B. (2023). Learning from Läklabbet:
An integrative transdisciplinary eco therapeutic treatment approach designed to
promote resource capacity in people recovering from chronic ill health . Open Access
Digital Archive, 2023, 1–9.
Depression
Grin-Yatsenko, V. A., & Kropotov, J. D. (2020): Effect of infra-low frequency
neurofeedback on the functional state of the brain in healthy and depressed
individuals. In H. W. Kirk (Ed.), Restoring the brain: Neurofeedback as an integrative
approach to health (2nd ed.). Routledge, pp. 244-255.
Grin-Yatsenko, V. A. et al. (2018): Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in depression:
Three case studies. NeuroRegulation 5, 30–42.
Tschiesner, R. (2023). Infra-Low-Frequency Neurofeedback Treatment in Dysthymia :
A Case Study. Behav. Sci. (Basel). 13(9), 711. doi: 10.3390/bs13090711.
Eating disorders
Winkeler, A., Winkeler, M. & Imgart, H. (2022): Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback in
the Treatment of Patients With Chronic Eating Disorder and Comorbid
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:890682. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2022.890682
Leong, S. L., Vanneste, S., Lim, J., Smith, M., Manning, P., & De Ridder, D. (2018): A
randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled parallel trial of closed-loop infraslow
brain training in food addiction. Scientific reports, 8(1), 1-9.
Chirita-Emandi, A., & Puiu, M. (2014): Outcomes of neurofeedback training in
childhood obesity management: A pilot study. Journal of Alternative and
Complementary Medicine, 20(11), 831–837.
Fibromyalgia, Multiple Sclerosis, Concussion
Legarda, S. B., Lahti, C. E., Mcdermott, D. & Michas-martin, A. (2022): Use of Novel
Concussion Protocol With Infralow Frequency Neuromodulation Demonstrates
Significant Treatment Response in Patients With Persistent Postconcussion
Symptoms, a Retrospective Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:894758. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2022.894758
Ingvaldsen, S. H. (2019): QEEG and Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback Training in
Fibromyalgia: A Pilot Study Master’s thesis in Psychology. Norwegian University of
Science and Technology, Dept. of Psychology, NTNU.
Lamprecht, C. E. (2019): The effect of neurofeedback in post-concussion syndrome.
Doctoral dissertation, Stellenbosch University.
Dobrushina, O. R., Varako, N. A., Kovyazina, M. S. & Zinchenko, Y. P. (2016):
Combination of Neurofeedback and cognitive training in attention deficit due to
multiple sclerosis. Int. J. Psychophysiol. 108, 118.
Insomnia
Orakpo N, Yuan C, Olukitibi O, Burdette J and Arrington K (2022): Does Virtual Reality
Feedback at Infra-Low Frequency Improve Centralized Pain With Comorbid Insomnia
While Mitigating Risks for Sedative Use Disorder?: A Case Report. Front. Hum.
Neurosci. 16:915376. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.915376
Moore, P.T. (2022): Infra-low frequency neurofeedback and insomnia as a model of
CNS dysregulation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:959491. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2022.959491
Migraine & Tension Headache
Arina, G.A., Dobrushina, O.R., Shvetsova, E.T., Osina, E.D., Meshkov, G.A., Aziatskaya,
G.A., Trofimova, A.K., Efremova, I.N., Martunov, S.E. & Nikolaeva, V.V. (2022).
Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback in Tension-Type Headache: A Cross-Over
Sham-Controlled Study. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:891323. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2022.891323
Legarda, S.B., Michas-Martin, P. A. & McDermott, D. (2022). Remediating Intractable
Headache: An Effective Nonpharmacological Approach Employing Infralow
Frequency Neuromodulation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:894856. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2022.894856
Dobrushina, O., Arina, G., Osina, E. & Aziatskaya, G. (2017): Clinical and psychological
confirmation of stabilizing effect of neurofeedback in migraine. European Psychiatry,
41(S1), p253. doi: 10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.02.045
Peak Performance
Bakhtafrooz, S., Kavyani, M., Farsi, A. & Alboghebeish, S. (2025). The effect of infra
low frequency – neurofeedback training on pistol shooting performance and
attention in semi-skilled players. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 19:1487737. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2025.1487737
Othmer, S. F. S. & Othmer, S. F. S. (2011). Performance Enhancement Applications of
Neurofeedback. In: Case Studies in Applied Psychophysiology: Neurofeedback and
Biofeedback Treatments for Advances in Human Performance, 17–30.
doi:10.1002/9781119959984.ch2
Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness
Sasu R (2022). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in persistent postural-perceptual
dizziness. Case report. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:959579. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2022.959579
PTSD
Kirk, H.W. & Dahl, M.G. (2022): Infra Low Frequency Neurofeedback Training for
Trauma Recovery: A Case Report. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:905823. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2022.905823
Spreyermann, R. (2022). Case Report : Infra-Low-Frequency Neurofeedback for
PTSD : A Therapist`s Perspective. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:893830. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2022.893830
Winkeler, A., Winkeler, M. & Imgart, H. (2022). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback in
the Treatment of Patients With Chronic Eating Disorder and Comorbid
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:890682, 1–11. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2022.890682
Gerge, A. (2020). A multifaceted case-vignette integrating neurofeedback and EMDR
in the treatment of complex PTSD. European Journal of Trauma & Dissociation, 4(3),
100157.
Dahl, M. G. (2020). Neurofeedback with PTSD and traumatic brain injury. In H. W. Kirk
(Ed.), Restoring the brain:Neurofeedback as an integrative approach to health (2nd ed.).
New York, NY: Routledge, pp.256-284.
Nilsson, R. M. & Nilsson, V. (2014). Neurofeedback Treatment for Traumatized
Refugees – A Pilot Study. Master thesis, Dept. of Psychology, Lund University.
Kelson, C. Y. (2013). The Impact of EEG Biofeedback on Veterans’ Symptoms of
Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)..The Chicago School of Professional
Psychology ProQuest Dissertations & Theses, 2013. 3606174.
Othmer, S., Othmer, S. F. & Legarda, S. B. (2011). Clinical Neurofeedback: Training
Brain Behavior. Treat. Strateg. Pediatr. Neurol. Psychiatry 2, 67–73.
Othmer, S. & Othmer, S. F. (2009). Post Traumatic Stress Disorder—The
Neurofeedback Remedy. Biofeedback 37, 24–31.
Refractory neurological disorders (Epilepsy, Cerebral Palsy)
Legarda, S. B., McMahon, D., Othmer, S. S. & Othmer, S. S. (2011): Clinical
neurofeedback: Case studies, proposed mechanism, and implications for pediatric
neurology practice. J. Child Neurol. 26, 1045–1051.
Schmidt, C. & Laugesen, H. (2023). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback training in
Dravet syndrome: a case study. Epilepsy Behav. Reports 100606.
doi:10.1016/j.ebr.2023.100606
Schizophrenia
Nestoros, J.N. and Vallianatou N.G. (2022). Infra-Low Frequency Neurofeedback
rapidly ameliorates schizophrenia symptoms: A case report of the first session.
Front. Hum. Neurosci. 16:923695. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.923695
Tinnitus (Attn: The authors have primarily used frequency band NFB training in
their studies and are (just) referring to ILF-NFB)
Güntensperger, D. (2018). Treatment of chronic tinnitus with neurofeedback.
(Doctoral Dissertation, University of Zurich).
Güntensperger, D., Thüring, C., Meyer, M., Neff, P. Kleinjung, T. (2017). Neurofeedback
for Tinnitus Treatment – Review and Current Concepts. Frontiers in Aging
Neuroscience, 9,386.
Güntensperger, D., Thüring, C., Kleinjung, T., Neff, P. & Meyer, M. Investigating the
efficacy of an individualized alpha/delta neurofeedback protocol in the treatment of
chronic tinnitus. Neural Plast. 2019, (2019).
Güntensperger, D., Kleinjung, T., Neff, P., Thüring, C. & Meyer, M. Combining
neurofeedback with source estimation: Evaluation of an sLORETA neurofeedback
protocol for chronic tinnitus treatment. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 38, 283–299 (2020).
Tourette/Tic Disorders
Solberg, B. & Solberg, E. (2022). Infra-low frequency neurofeedback in application to
Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders: A clinical case series. Front. Hum.
Neurosci. 16:891924. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.891924
Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI)
See “Brain Injury”
Virtual Reality NFB in Pain Treatment
Orakpo, N., Yuan, C., Olukitibi, O., Burdette, J. & Arrington, K. (2022). Does Virtual
Reality Feedback at Infra-Low Frequency Improve Centralized Pain With Comorbid
Insomnia While Mitigating Risks for Sedative Use Disorder? A Case Report. Front.
Hum. Neurosci. 16:915376. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.915376.
Orakpo, N., Vieux, U. & Castro-Nunez, C. (2021). Case Report: Virtual Reality
Neurofeedback Therapy as a Novel Modality for Sustained Analgesia in Centralized
Pain Syndromes. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 12, 418. doi: 10.3389/fpsyt.2021.660105
ILF Neurofeedback Therapy – Practical experiences & case reports
Wührer, G., Kolbe, S., Bolduan, U., Icking, A., Schneider, H. (2025). Klinisches
ILF-Neurofeedback mit Kindern und Jugendlichen. Training bei psychischen
Störungsbildern – Studienlage, Anwendungsbeispiele und Kostenerstattung. Forum
für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie 1, 42–68. (In German language)
Wührer, G. & Kolbe, S. (2024). Klinisches ILF-Neurofeedback mit Kindern und
Jugendlichen. Gehirnfunktions-Training bei psychischen Störungsbildern – eine
Übersicht mit Anwendungsbeispielen. Forum für Kinder- und Jugendpsychiatrie 4,
62–87. (In German language)
Knežević, B. (2024). Neurofeedback Treatment – Application in Speech and
Language Therapy, Logopedija, 14(1), 23-31. doi: 10.31299/log.14.1.3 (In Croatian
language)
Theis T, Bolduan U, Seuß S, Spallek J, Wandernoth B and Mayer-Pelinski R (2025)
ILF-neurofeedback in clinical practice: examining symptom change and performance
metrics across diagnostic groups. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 19:1601187. doi:
10.3389/fnhum.2025.1601187
Reviews
Bazzana, F., Finzi, S., Di Fini, G. & Veglia, F. (2022). Infra-Low Frequency
Neurofeedback: A Systematic Mixed Studies Review. Front. Hum. Neurosci.
16:920659. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2022.920659
Books and book chapters on ILF Neurofeedback (in alphabetical order)
Haus, K.-M. et al. (2015). Praxisbuch Biofeedback und Neurofeedback. Springer Berlin,
Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-59720-0 (In German language)
Kirk, H. W. (2020). Restoring the Brain: Neurofeedback as an Integrative Approach to
Health. Second Edition, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group.
Othmer S. (2019). Protocol Guide for Neurofeedback Clinicians, 7th Edition. EEG Info.
ISBN: 0989543277.
Othmer, S. & Othmer, S. F. (2011). Performance Enhancement Applications of
Neurofeedback. In Case Studies in Applied Psychophysiology: Neurofeedback and
Biofeedback Treatments for Advances in Human Performance 17–30.
Wiley-Blackwell.
Sidiropoulos, K. (ed.) (2023). EEG-Neurofeedback bei ADS und ADHS. Innovative
Behandlung von Kindern, Jugendlichen und Erwachsenen. Springer-Verlag GmbH
Deutschland. ISBN: 978-3-662-65725-6. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-65726-3 (In German
language)
Ströhle, G. (2023): Infra-Low Frequency Training. In: Sidiropoulos, K. (ed.) (2023):
EEG-Neurofeedback bei ADS und ADHS. Kapitel 17, 237-271. Springer-Verlag GmbH
Deutschland. doi: 10.1007/978-3-662-65726-3_17(In German language)
Wiedemann, M. & Segler, K. (2017): Neurofeedback – Wie eine spielerisch leichte
Therapie dem Gehirn hilft, Probleme zu überwinden. Kösel, ISBN: 3466346827. (In
German language)
Wiedemann, M. & Segler, K. (2024). Neurofeedback – A gentle therapy to help the
brain help itself. BoD – Books on Demand. ISBN: 9783758375095.